Mosquito

When it comes to mosquito control, over-the-fence advice is not good enough. Even though Uncle Mardy chewed garlic every day and never was bitten by mosquitoes, that doesn't mean YOU would have the same results. (And don't forget, Uncle Mardy died a bachelor!)

Experts were consulted for this article from the Atlanta Journal Constitution and not a single one had garlic on his breath.

COVER STORY: The goods: What works, what doesn't
Here's what some experts have to say about the various kinds of mosquito-control products on the market:
Deborah Geering - For the Journal-Constitution
Thursday, August 1, 2002

THE EXPERTS
Mark Brown, associate entomology professor, University of Georgia
John Day, a professor of medical entomology at the University of Florida
Elmer Gray, research coordinator/public health entomologist, University of Georgia
Rosmarie Kelly, medical entomologist, state division of public health
Cheryl Turner, Richmond County environmental health specialist, Augusta

THE PRODUCTS

DEET

Day: ''In terms of single-application protection --- that is the amount of time you can get from a single application --- there's nothing that beats DEET.'' Also, because the product has been around so long, manufacturers have improved on the fragrance and feel. ''I remember the DEET products from the '50s, and they were awful. Now the formulations are really nice.''

Gray: ''DEET is the most effective repellent on the market to date and is the standard [against which] all others are compared. Children [up to age 5\] should use products containing 10 percent active ingredient or less and an adult should apply the repellent to the child.''

PERMETHRIN

Insecticide/repellent for clothing.

Gray: ''Permethrin is a relatively nontoxic pesticide that is only approved for use on clothing as a repellent. The most complete repellent combination would be to use permethrin on one's clothing and DEET on one's skin.''

Kelly: ''It should only be used on clothing. Generally it lasts a couple of weeks and should last through washings. It also repels ticks.''

BOTANICALS

Repellents for the skin, including plant oils such as citronella, catnip, eucalyptus, peppermint, lemon grass.

Gray: ''Botanical repellent formulas have shown some effectiveness, but are not typically as effective as DEET and need to be reapplied much more often. Since West Nile virus has been found throughout the state and especially in the Atlanta area, I'd recommend using the best products available.''

Day: ''Oil of eucalyptus has only become available in this country in the past year. Of all the plant-based products, oil of eucalyptus seems to hold the most promise in terms of reasonable protection times with a single application.''

The problem with all botanical products is that in effective concentrations, they can be irritating to the skin.

''They are natural products, but that doesn't mean they're not toxic. And some of them are really toxic. One of the best stories is oil of pennyroyal. There was a thought at one time that it would be an excellent flea treatment for dogs. They found that when they had a high enough concentration of oil of pennyroyal to kill the fleas, the product killed the dog.''

MOSQUITO TRAPS

American Mosquito Control Association: ''These devices [most of which, like humans, emit carbon dioxide] will, indeed, trap and kill measurable numbers of mosquitoes. But depending upon their placement, wind direction and trapping efficiency, traps may actually draw more mosquitoes into your area than they can possibly catch. Thus, the homeowner must still use repellents and practice source reduction methods.''

Brown: ''All of the devices like the Mosquito Magnet and Sonic Net are relatively expensive to run and maintain but in effect are attracting mosquitoes to the consumer's yard. Sure, some of the mosquitoes are trapped in the device, but how many veered away to a more desirable human?''

Day: ''I think the bottom line with these traps for the homeowner is that if they have a problem in their yard that is originating in their yard . . . in that situation, these traps probably work very well. For relatively low mosquito populations, I think the traps give you some relief. For the high mosquito populations, I don't think you see that much difference.''

FOGGERS

Turner: ''ULV [ultra low volume] insecticide is probably the best way to kill adult mosquitoes, but the problem there is it has to hit the mosquito. It is an effective thing if it hits them.''

Gray: ''If you're having company over at 7, and you fog at 6, you're going to take care of most of the mosquitoes. But tomorrow night, if you haven't gotten rid of the buckets in your yard or your neighbor's yard, they're going to be back.''

LARVICIDES

Larvicides such as mosquito dunks are used in situations where water cannot be eliminated, such as ponds and birdbaths.

Gray: ''It's a bacteria. It's very specific. It doesn't hurt the fish; it doesn't hurt other aquatic insects. It's nontoxic to mammals. It's one of the most classic cases of biological control where it doesn't affect other species.''

Kelly: Bti [the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis] is a very nice product. They're good for homeowners because they can put them out and you don't have to worry about killing other insects; you don't have to worry about killing birds.''

CITRONELLA CANDLES OR PERMETHRIN MOSQUITO COILS.

Gray: ''Citronella candles have demonstrated some repellent effectiveness, but only in areas with limited air movement. People should not think that one citronella candle burning on their patio with any type of breeze will protect them from mosquitoes.''

Day: ''Usually what happens in these products is the chemical is released from the candle in a downwind protection. It's a relatively small area that's protected. Usually, mosquitoes are coming in from a lot of different directions. . . . [But] they seem to work really well in a semi-enclosed area.''

Kelly: ''Whether they have any effect any greater than any other smoke, probably not. You sit next to a smoky campfire, you don't get bitten by mosquitoes either.''


REPELLENT-IMPREGNATED WRISTBANDS.

Day: ''Even though they're DEET, they don't work at all. The mosquitoes would land all around them and feed all around them.''

ULTRASONIC REPELLERS

Worn on the body, these products claim to emit sounds that simulate mosquito predators such as bats or damselflies.

Gray: ''Ultrasonic repellers have not been shown to be effective in significantly reducing or repelling mosquitoes.''

Day: ''The advertising is that they scare the mosquitoes away. And we've never tested one that works. Mosquitoes are attracted by carbon dioxide, and there's nothing that's going to scare them away . . . short of a personal repellent.''

Turner: ''Give me a break.''

ZAPPERS

Kelly: ''Bug zappers do not work. They kill beneficial insects. I wouldn't have one in my yard.''

Turner: ''If you want to attract mosquitoes to your yard, that's a good way to do it. They do kill a lot of other insects, more than mosquitoes.''

Citrosa plants

Gray: ''Citrosa plants are not effective and studies have shown that mosquitoes will even land on the plants themselves. Buyer, beware!''

Kelly: ''The evidence I've seen suggests they don't work.''

FANS

Gray: ''Fans will provide temporary relief as long as you stay in front of the fan.''

Brown: ''A fan blowing through an area where folks are sitting is a fine control measure.''

CLOTHING

Gray: ''Bug jackets, head nets and bed nets are used throughout the world and are apparently effective in reducing mosquito bites. Bed nets are instrumental in reducing malaria transmission in many parts of Africa and likely throughout the world.''

Kelly: ''We always tell people to wear long-sleeve clothing and long pants when out in mosquito populations. Things like bug netting, they certainly work. . . . Probably screen doors have done more to prevent mosquito-borne illness in the United States than anything else.''

ON THE WEB

> Georgia Division of Public Health, mosquito-borne illness: health.state.ga.us/epi/vbd.shtml

www.dhr.state.ga.us

> American Mosquito Control Association: www.mosquito.org

> University of Georgia Department of Entomology: www.ent.uga.edu/mosquitoes

©2002 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Reprinted with permission from The
Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Further reproduction, retransmission or
distribution of these materials without the prior written consent of The
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and any copyright holder identified in the
material's copyright notice, is prohibited.

Researchers find DEET-based products are best at keeping bloodsucking mosquitoes at bay
Deborah Geering - For the Journal-Constitution
Thursday, August 1, 2002

Even with the wide variety of mosquito catchers, chasers and zappers on the market, old-standby DEET --- the active ingredient in Off and other repellents --- is still the best at reducing bites.

That's the conclusion of a study released last month in the New England Journal of Medicine.

But for short-term relief on a patio or partially enclosed area, there are other products that can help keep the little bloodsuckers at bay, say entomologists. Even more effective than repelling or killing the bugs is to limit their opportunity to breed in the first place.

''Folks need to take personal responsibility for reducing mosquito habitats around the house and neighborhood,'' said Mark Brown, an associate professor of entomology at the University of Georgia. That means eliminating standing water and damp spots and keeping grass and weeds trimmed.

''By reducing vegetation, homeowners reduce the areas that adult mosquitoes can rest [in] during the heat of the day,'' explained Elmer Gray, agriculture research coordinator with UGA's entomology department. Like most insects, mosquitoes dry out quickly in the sun, so the more air movement and less shade, the less mosquito-friendly the habitat.

The New England Journal of Medicine study dealt specifically with repellents that are applied to the skin. Dr. Mark Fradin, a dermatologist in Chapel Hill, N.C., and John Day, a professor of medical entomology at the University of Florida, tested the effectiveness of 16 products by recording how long it took before volunteers suffered mosquito bites when placing their arms in cages of mosquitoes.

The conclusion: DEET-based products provided complete protection for the longest duration, and higher concentrations of DEET worked best. Off Deep Woods formula worked best among products tested, with an average complete protection time of more than five hours; other products containing DEET also worked well. However, DEET-impregnated wristbands were ineffective.

''DEET is kind of a barrier protection --- you need a coating,'' Day said. ''So a wristband doesn't provide that barrier protection.''

Bite Blocker for Kids, which uses soybean oil as its active ingredient, performed the best of products containing botanical repellents. It offered about one and a half hours of complete protection, far more than any citronella-based product that was tested.

The researchers included four of Avon's Skin-So-Soft products in their tests. Among them, Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard Plus, which uses a chemical called IR3535, performed the best, with an average complete-protection time of nearly 23 minutes. Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard and Skin-So-Soft Bath Oil both offered about 10 minutes of complete-protection time, while Skin-So-Soft Moisturizing Suncare offered less than three minutes.

Although some consumers prefer to use plant-based repellents because they are natural, researchers caution that they can be more toxic than synthetic repellents. In fact, toxic reactions to DEET are extremely rare. ''If you use something on enough people, pretty much someone's going to be allergic to it,'' UGA's Gray said. ''[But] I don't see them banning peanuts any time soon.''

In most situations, say entomologists, the most effective home mosquito control program involves a combination of prevention and protection.

''The risk of West Nile virus is real,'' Gray said. ''It's present in most parts of the state, and despite low levels of severe sickness, people should be aware of this threat and take reasonable precautions to prevent mosquito breeding and bites.

''Any disease that causes encephalitis and meningitis needs to be taken seriously.''

The information above is located at:
http://www.walterreeves.com/insects_animals/article.phtml?cat=21&id=421

What causes mosquitoes?

Nothing can ruin a cookout, backyard get together or pool party faster than the swarms of mosquitoes that seem to magically show up whenever people are congregating outdoors. In reality, there isn't much magic to it. In fact, the mosquito possesses a number of very sophisticated physiological tools that make humans and animals easy prey for its insatiable appetite.

You see, when humans and animals exhale, they give off C02 (carbon dioxide) and Octenol (an alcohol-based substance). Mosquitoes have sensors that can detect the presence of these two chemicals at a distance of almost 100 feet. Once mosquitos pick up the scent, they will immediately change direction and fly rapidly toward their intended victim. The Mosquito 'Cognito® device controls mosquitoes and other backyard pests so that people can retake control of their yards and enjoy the outdoors...without being eaten alive by mosquitoes and other biting insects.

The mosquito can SMELL exhaled Carbon Dioxide (C02) and Octenol at 100 feet and SEE their prey at 30 feet. The Mosquito 'Cognito® inhibitor blocks your scent. If they can't smell you, they can't get close enough to see you. No more bites!

All Mosquitoes are not alike!

Jurassic Park taught us that mosquitoes have been around for 100 million years. In that time, they have diversified into 3,000 species that are very different from one another. Instincts pre-program their life's behavior, and these programs are constantly refined by evolution. They have successfully adapted to climates from the arctic to the equator and developed means of locating indigenous bloodhosts in each locale: some mosquitoes prefer frogs, others mammals, still others birds. No product, including the Dragonfly® or Mosquito 'Cognito® devices, pesticides, or DEET, works equally well on every species of mosquito.

Bad Girls. Only Female Mosquitoes Bite.

Mosquitoes do not feed on blood. Rather, females need protein for the development of their eggs, and they get it from the blood of animal and human hosts. It is actually the nectar of flowers that provides sugar to power mosquitoes' flight muscles.

What diseases do mosquitoes spread?

Mosquitoes spread malaria, encephalitis, and dengue fever in people. They can also transmit parasites such as heartworm to pets. (Source: The American Mosquito Control Association.)

How Do They Find You?

Mosquitoes locate bloodhosts by scent, sight and heat. From 100 feet (30 meters) mosquitoes can smell your scent, especially the carbon dioxide (CO2) you exhale. They follow your scent upwind, and can see you at a distance of about 30 feet (10 meters). (The Mosquito 'Cognito® inhibitor works because its Conceal™ inhibitor interferes with this scent-tracking ability, so they can't get close enough to see you.) When mosquitoes get within 10 feet, they can sense your body-heat. They look for places to bite where blood is close to the skin's surface. (The Dragonfly® device works because it emits CO2 and octenol, the two most powerful host-odor attractants, and because it has a thermal lure which produces the infrared image of blood near the surface of the skin. Mosquitoes that attempt to land on the thermal lure are destroyed.)

Mosquitoes don't see very well, but are attracted to a thermal image and zero in like a heat-seeking missile. Even at 30 feet, they have trouble distinguishing you from any object of similar size and shape, like a tree stump, 55-gallon drum, etc. At 10 feet they use extremely sensitive thermal receptors on the tip of their antennae to locate blood near the surface of the skin. The range of these receptors increases threefold when the humidity is high.

People Are Not Always Their Favorite Target

Interestingly enough, people are not the primary target and bloodhosts for mosquitoes, especially in temperate climates. The major mosquito pests in the Southeast U.S., for example, seem to prefer the host-odor of small herbivorous (vegetarian) mammals, or birds. Even mosquitoes that carry encephalitis seem to prefer avian (bird) bloodhosts. These mosquitoes bite people when they get the chance, but they are better at tracking the scent of animals that are most abundant in their habitat. The Mosquito 'Cognito® inhibitor protects animals and people because its Conceal™ inhibitor blocks the mosquitoes host-odor receptors.

The United States Equestrian Team feels so strongly about it that in the summer of 2000, they began protecting their multi- million-dollar horses with Mosquito 'Cognito and Conceal. The USET member who owns the stable reported no problems with mosquitoes during a wet summer in which six horses in New Jersey died of West Nile Virus.

Field Testing by the USDA

Outdoor trials in the evening against large populations of native species are the most reliable test method, since these test environments best represent real life human exposure times. Both the Dragonfly® lure and Conceal™ inhibitor in the Mosquito 'Cognito® device were tested by the USDA in the laboratory and in the field. The field tests took place at night adjacent to mosquito breeding sites in wooded wetlands and salt marshes. To measure effectiveness against tropical mosquito species, field tests were also conducted independently in Malaysia and Australia. The results confirmed the unequalled success of these products in effectively controlling mosquito populations.

What causes mosquitoes to breed at certain locations?

Mosquitoes breed in standing water, so eliminating standing water on your property reduces your risk. Areas like rain gutters, tree holes, old buckets or tires with stagnant water are breeding sites. However, although you may have taken steps to clear your property, you are subject to the actions - or inaction - of your neighbors, not to mention wetland areas in your community. Mosquitoes bite people when they get the chance, but they are better at tracking the scent of animals that are most abundant in their habitat. The Mosquito 'Cognito® inhibitor protects animals as well because its Conceal™ inhibitor blocks the mosquitoes host-odor receptors.

A great tool in the persistent war against flying insects, the Burgess® Propane Insect Fogger is proven as the fast, easy and effective way to economically control mosquitoes and other flying insects... Completely portable, the lightweight propane fogger is essential outdoor equipment. It's ideal for the yard, deck, patio and pool, especially when preparing for picnics, special events and outdoor entertaining. Features include an unbreakable 40 oz container, trigger lock to prevent accidental dispensing of insecticide, uses a standard propane cylinder and includes 1 qt. of odorless insecticide. To use: Fog the outdoor area you will be using, particularly around bushes, and control mosquito's and other flying insects for up to 6 hours. For best results, fog when wind is 5 mph or less to insure insecticide fog does not blow away before effective.

Insect Repellent	Cognito	Mosquito Dunks	Burgess® Propane Insect Fogger